- African Recipes from The Congo Cookbook (via RPCV Web Ring)
"The "central African" recipes on this website ... were collected by an epicurean Returned Peace Corps Volunteer who taught English in Gabon, traveled across Central Africa, obtained a degree in African Studies, and who loves to eat, cook, and surf the 'net."
- AfricaRice: Africa Rice Center = Centre du Riz pour l'Afrique (Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire)
In September 2009, the West Africa Rice Development Association was renamed "Africa Rice Center".
[The Center]...is a leading pan-African research organization with a mission to contribute to poverty alleviation and food security in Africa through research, development and partnership activities. It is one of the 15 international agricultural research Centers supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)...created in 1971 by 11 African countries. Today its membership comprises 24 countries, covering West, Central, East and North African regions..."
--Bibliography of AfricaRice publications, 1991-2015 ;
Current news (2017) ;
News Briefs (2013)
- Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere: Swahili Forum. (Online) -- Mainz, Germany: Universität Johannes Gutenburg.
- Agence Echos Grands Lacs: agence de presse audiovisuelle (via Institut Panos, Paris, France)
Ce site offre les extraits des émissions et des dépêches d'actualités des radios dans la région de Grands Lacs. "La rédaction de l'Agence des Grands Lacs est actuellement composée des journalistes des 12 radios partenaires du Projet 'Ondes des Grands Lacs', mis en œuvre par l'Institut Panos Paris au Burundi, au Rwanda et en République démocratique du Congo."
- Agence universitaire de la Francophonie: Bureau Afrique Centrale et des Grands Lacs (Yaoundé, Cameroun)
A ce site, on peut lire les actualités sur l'éducation dans la région de l'Afrique Centrale et suivre les liens aux autres sites.
- All Africa.Com: Recent News Summaries on Central Africa (AllAfrica Global Media, Washington, DC)
News summaries in English based on reports from the Pan African News Agency (PANA), UN agencies, East and Central African newspapers and news agencies. See also individual country sections.
Warning: the searchable archive for articles older than 30 days is only available through subscription.
- Anthropology Back Door to the Web: L'Afrique centrale (Dr. Bernard Clist, Grasse, France)
- ARID Afrique: Association Régionale pour l'Irrigation et le Drainage en Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso)
- "L'ARID est une association à but non lucratif créée en 1996 pour répondre à la demande des professionnels de l'irrigation du drainage et de la maîtrise des crues, en attendant que des comités nationaux de la Commission Internationale des Irrigations et du Drainage se mettent en place. En effect, elle couvre géographiquement 23 pays qui n'étaient pas représentés sur la scène internationale à la création de l'association."
- Association of Concerned Africa Scholars: Resources on Uganda, the LRA, & Central Africa (April 2012) (via University of Michigan, Ann Arbor)
- BantuFirst (University of Ghent, Belgium)
The site features general information on the research project (2018-2022) and on related publications. "...a cross-disciplinary research project aiming at transforming our thinking on the Bantu Expansion by collecting new empirical evidence to gain a better understanding of the interconnections between human migration, language spread, climate change and early farming in Late Holocene Central Africa."
- CBOLD: Comparative Bantu Online Dictionary (2002) (Department of Linguistics and the Institute of Cognitive Studies, University of California, Berkeley ; via L'Institut des Sciences de l'Homme, Lyon, France)
- The site offers descriptions of the project and its components, with tools for linguistic analysis, a selection of dictionaries and word lists, and related links. "The CBOLD project was started in 1994 by Larry Hyman and John Lowe to produce in Berkeley a lexicographic database to support and enhance the theoretical, descriptive, and historical linguistic study of the languages in the important Bantu family."
- BEAC: Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (Yaoundé, Cameroun)
Ce site officiel comprend les actualités sur la Banque, plusieurs dossiers statistiques, les notes conjonctures actuelles, quelques rapports annuels d'activités de la Banque, et les diverses informations sur les économies des Etats membres (Cameroun, Centrafrique, Congo, Gabon, Guinée Equatoriale, et Tchad).
- Banque de France: La Zone Franc, 2003-- (Paris, France)
- CARPE--Central African Regional Program for the Environment (University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; in association with the United States Agency for International Development--USAID, Washington, DC)
- Centre Aequatoria: Centre de Recherches Culturelles Africanistes (Brussels, Belgium; Mbandaka, Democratic Republic of Congo)
- "...est spécialisé dans l'étude des langues, des cultures et de l'histoire (pre-coloniale et coloniale) de l'Afrique sub-saharienne. Il regroupe une bibliothèque, des archives et un guesthouse [à Bamanya, 10 km de Mbandaka]."
- Publications, 1937-2009: index et les textes intégraux
- Voir aussi: Placide Tempels ci-dessous
- Centre for Conflict Resolution (Cape Town, South Africa):
"Security & Governance in the Great Lakes Region." (August 2015)
CCR Seminar Report; 71 pages in PDF format.
--See also: CCR Home Page
- CEEAC-ECCAS--Communauté Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale = Economic Community of Central African States (Libreville, Gabon)
- La CEEAC a été crée en octobre 1983 par les membres de l'Union Douanière et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale et les membres de la Communauté Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs, ainsi que Sao Tomé et Principe. En 1999, l'Angola est devenu membre.
- Actualités = News
- CEMAC--Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale (Bangui, République Centrafricaine)
- Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Pipeline Project
- Civil society -- West Africa, Cameroon, Chad: Annotated bibliography = Société civile -- Afrique de l'Ouest, Cameroun, Tchad: Bibliographie annotée (février 2006). -- Dakar, Sénégal: CODICE--Centre de documentation et d'information du CODESRIA, 2006. 237 pages en format PDF
- COMESA--Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (Lusaka, Zambia)
- This site includes provides information on banking, online trade directories for some countries, and many other links with an emphasis on business and economic information. "COMESA exists 'as an organisation of free independent sovereign states which have agreed to co-operate in developing their natural and human resources for the good of all their people'. ...with its 19 member states."
- COMSTAT Data Portal--Resource Center (includes annual investment reports, export and import tables, etc.)
- CBT Desk: Cross Border Trade Desk at COMESA
News and business information: "this website is a 'resource' to help cross border traders in Eastern and Southern Africa to find an association near to them, to voice their opinions and explain what COMESA is doing in improving conditions for small cross border traders."
- COMIFAC--Commission des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale (Yaoundé, Cameroun)
- Comparing the Copperbelt: Political Culture and Knowledge Production in Central Africa (Oxford University, UK)
The site includes links to online publications, news, events, and podcasts of lectures by affiliated faculty. "This project provides the first comparative historical analysis – local, national and transnational – of the Central African copperbelt. This globally strategic mineral region is central to the history of two nation-states (Zambia and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)), as well as wider debates about the role of mineral wealth in development." --
"Comparing the Copperbelt: Social History and Knowledge Production in Central Africa," June 17-19, 2021, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
"Call for Papers": the deadline for proposals is October 15, 2020.
- Conférence des Ministres de l'Agriculture de l'Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre (CMA/AOC) (Dakar, Sénégal)
"[Créée en 1991] CMA/AOC est une organisation inter-gouvernementale qui regroupe les Ministres de l'Agriculture et/ou de l'Elevage des 20 pays membres d'Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre."
Veuillez voir surtout:
Base de données documentaire -et-
Publications
- Partenariat pour les Forêts du Bassin du Congo = Congo Basin Forest Partnership (Brussels, Belgique)
"...a été lancé par Colin Powell, ancien Secrétaire d’État des Etats-Unis, lors du Sommet Mondial sur le Développement Durable à Johannesburg en 2002, comme partenariat non-contraignant enregistré auprès de la Commission pour le Développement Durable des Nations Unies...La Facilitation est assurée par le Royaume de la Belgique pour la période 2018-2019."
--Veuillez voir aussi:
Rapports
- CLHASS--Contribution de la linguistique à l'histoire de l'Afrique sub-saharienne (Université de Lyon, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Institut des Sciences de l'Homme, et Dynamique du Langage, Lyon, France)
- Ce groupe de recherche travaille principalement sur les langues bantous du Cameroun et du Gabon. Leur site offre un répertoire des colloques et des rechercheurs en plus d'un petit recueil de publications en ligne.
- ELDIS: Electronic Development and Environment Information System (Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK)
- Search by country: An indexing service provided by IDS. Papers are selected from all over the Internet based on topics in African, Asian, and Latin American studies. Documents are produced by research institutes or international organizations. Some documents are electronic versions of printed works, while others are full online documents--with citations and bibliographies. Note: Some documents listed in the search are only accessible at the IDS library, University of Sussex.
- Enough: The Project to End Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity -- Reports on The Sudan, Chad, DRC, Uganda, Kenya, etc. (Washington, DC)
-- See also: Sudan Peace and Democracy Watch
- Ethno-Net Africa Publications on West and Central Africa (MOST-Management of Social Transformations Programme, UNESCO, Paris)
"
Ethno-Net Africa is a UNESCO-MOST network of African social scientists engaged in comparative research, monitoring and evaluation of ethnic conflicts and social change in Africa. It attempts to address ethnic issues in a more constructive, comparative and regional perspective, identifying common denominators and drawing lessons from experiences in specific countries and regions."
- COMIFAC--Commission des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale (Yaoundé, Cameroun)
- France. Agence française de développement: Publications sur l'Afrique centrale, orientale, australe et le Madagascar (Paris)
- France. Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances sur l'Afrique centrale (Trésor Direction Générale, Paris)
- Global Water Partnership on Central Africa (In association with the IUCN--The World Conservation Union; Yaoundé, Cameroon)
The website features news and reports from various projects and major conferences on water resource management. "The Global Water Partnership [headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden] is a working partnership among all those involved in water management: government agencies, public institutions, private companies, professional organizations, multilateral development agencies and others committed to the Dublin-Rio principles."
- GRIP-Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité -- Conflits, sécurité et gouvernance en Afrique (Brussels, Belgium)
Quelques rapports sur la RDC, la Centrafricaine, et le Darfour en plus des notes d'analyse.
- Hirondelle Foundation = Fondation Hirondelle: Media for Peace and Human Dignity (Lausanne, Switzerland; Arusha, Tanzania)
This website offers information --in French, English, German, & Italian-- about the activities of an international media support organization and includes special reports and links to news agencies in so-called crisis areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, especially in the Great African Lakes region. "
-- See for example:
Hirondelle News Agency: information, documentation and training agency covering Rwandan genocide trials, Arusha, Tanzania...in English, French, Kinyarwanda or Swahili
- Human Rights Watch -- Afrique Centrale: Communiqués et Rapports, 2000-2003 (New York and Brussels)
- Initiatives for Peace and Human Rights (Kigali, Rwanda)
"To equip communities and individuals living in Rwanda, and in the Great Lakes region at large with necessary human rights and good governance skills and knowledge to build a global culture of peace."
- International Conference on the Great Lakes Region = Conférence international sur la région des Grands Lacs (Bujumbura, Burundi)
- "In November 2004, the eleven Heads of State and Government of the member countries of the International Conference on the Great Lakes region (IC/GLR) unanimously adopted the Dar es Salaam Declaration on Peace, Security and Development in the Great Lakes region in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Since then, the conference has met in 2006 and 2007.
- International Court of Justice = Cour internationale de Justice (The Hague, The Netherlands)
- The legal arguments, judgements, and discussion surrounding the cases before the court.
- ICJ Home Page = CIJ Page d'accueil.
- Democratic Republic of Congo vs. Rwanda, 2002-
- Republic of Congo vs. France, 2002-
- Republic of Guinea vs. Democratic Republic of Congo, 1999-
- International Crisis Group on Central Africa (Washington, DC ; Brussels, Belgium)
- "The ICG is a private, multinational organisation committed to strengthening the capacity of the international community to understand and respond to impending crises. ICG's approach is grounded in field research ... and advocacy."
- International Documentation Network on the Great African Lakes Region = Réseau documentaire international sur la région des Grands Lacs africains Réseau Grands Lacs Africains (via Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland)
- NOTE: For best results, select Categories and Keywords; do not try to use "Fulltext" search. The website is in French or in English consisting of an archive of documents from governments, local and international NGOs, scholars, and other individuals from the early 1990s to 2009.
- International Organization for Migration on Central Africa -- Migration Issues (Geneva, Switzerland; Pretoria, South Africa)
- IPIS--International Peace Information Service (Antwerp, Belgium)
The web site features project reports, news and weekly briefings, and maps on economic resources, conflict, and human rights in Sub-Saharan Africa, mostly the Democratic Republic of Congo--especially Katanga and Eastern DRC. "[Funded by the European Union and the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs] IPIS is an independent research institute which focuses on Sub-Saharan Africa...three core themes: arms trade, exploitation of natural resources and corporate social responsibility."
- International Peace Institute on Central Africa Formerly International Peace Academy. (New York)
- International Refugee Rights Initiative--Focus on Africa: Great Lakes Region (New York ; Kampala)
- "Since its inception in 2004...IRRI aims to contribute to the improvement and creation of models of law and practice which best guarantee human rights in conflict and displacement. We engage in legal and field-based research in order to better understand how policy affects conflict affected communities and we bring our findings to the attention of policy makers in national, regional and international debates."
- International Rescue Committee (New York)
The website offers information about IRC activities, selected news reports on emergency situations and conflict zones, and an extensive library of
resources--SEARCH for reports on African Great Lakes or countries of the region. 'Since 1993, the IRC provides humanitarian aid to refugees and other victims of oppression and violent conflict around the world'.
- IPS Inter Press Service News on Central Africa = Afrique centrale, l'autre information (Johannesburg, South Africa)
An "alternative news agency" providing current reports [in English or in French] for the region and Africa in general, with selected news stories in Swahili.
- Inventaire des recensements et enquêtes démographiques en Afrique (CePeD--Centre Population et Développement, Université Paris Descartes, France)
IREDA est une base de données des publications de plusieurs pays de l'Afrique de l'ouest et de l'Afrique centrale: Bénin; Cameroun; Congo RD; Côte d'Ivoire; Mali; et Niger.
- Journal of Humanitarian Assistance. (Online) (2015) (Medford, Massachusetts)
This online journal contains many articles on Africa, especially the Great Lakes Region.
- Journal of Language and Popular Culture in Africa: Archives in Popular Swahili [of the Eastern Congo] (Vincent A. de Rooij, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
A set of online texts: Excerpts from Tshibumba Kanda Matulu's "History of Zaire" as told to Johannes Fabian in 1974, in KiSwahili and English translation, plus a few other parallel KiSwahili-English texts and a "Boloki" text from the late 19th century. The collection is in part a supplement to Johannes Fabian's
Remembering the present: painting and popular history in Zaire (published by University of California Press, 1996). The online texts are part of a web site announcing an
electronic journal.
- Kongo Across the Waters, October 2013 to May 2015 (University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium)
- Livingstone Online: illuminating imperial exploration (University of Maryland, College Park; University of Nebraska, Lincoln)
"...a digital museum and library that allows users to encounter the written, visual, and material legacies of the famous Victorian explorer David Livingstone (1813-73). The site draws on recent scholarship and international collaboration...an academic resource for the study of African history, the British Empire, nineteenth-century intercultural encounters, and digital humanities practice."
--See especially:
Resources, including:
In His Own Words -and-
David Livingstone: A Bibliography (2017)
- LRA Crisis Tracker (Invisible Children, Inc., San Diego, California)
"...a real-time mapping platform and data collection system created to bring an unprecedented level of transparency to the atrocities of the
Lord’s Resistance Army. Using information sourced from Invisible Children’s Early Warning Radio Network, UN agencies, and local NGOs, this tool allows for better response from governments, policy-makers, and humanitarian organizations."
--See also:
The Rescue (2009) --via Vimeo.com
- "Mama for Story": Excerpts from Tributes to E. M. Chilver and Other Publications Virtual Library of Mambila Studies. (Ian Fowler, David Zeitlyn, et al., Department of Anthropology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK)
This document contains excerpts from articles on Cameroonian history and social anthropology that have appeared in journals published in 1995-1996. There are links to other excerpted texts and related web sites, as well.
- Mandara Mountains Homepage (S. Cattini-Muller and G. Muller-Kosack, Mandaras Publishing, London, UK)
- A website highlighting the ethnographic literature and history of the peoples of the northern Mandara mountains in north Cameroon and northeast Nigeria.
- Northern Mandaras bibliography
- Méga-Tchad (CNRS/LLACAN, Nanterre et Villejuif, France; Universität Bayreuth, Germany; School of Oriental & African Studies, University of London, UK)
- Mukanda: ressources documentaires sur l'Afrique centrale (Centre « ÉCRITURES », Université de Lorraine, Metz, France)
Un fichier bibliographique d’environ 23.000 références indexées..."Mukanda est une plate-forme de documentation pour l’Afrique centrale. Son principe de base est la mutualisation des données."
- Musée royal de l'Afrique central = Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgique
- PANOS Global South Network--Panos London Archives: At the Desert's Edge: Oral Histories from the Sahel Edited by Nigel Cross and Rhiannon Barker. (London, UK)
An e-book version of the 1992 book of translated interviews from Sahelian inhabitants across West and Eastern Africa during the 1980s.
- Placide Tempels -- Un Site Web (via Michael Meeuwis, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Centre Aequatoria, Belgium)
"Le but de ce site web est de mettre à la disposition du public plusieurs documents qui touchent à la vie et au travail de Placide Tempels, l'auteur de
La Philosophie bantoue, livre largement discuté depuis 1945."
La collection comprend la traduction française du livre en texte intégrale. Voir aussi, le site en
anglais.
- Pole Institute--Institut Interculturel dans la Région des Grands Lacs (Goma, République démocratique du Congo; via Paris, France)
En 1997, un groupe de vingt deux personnes originaires du Kivu ont décidé de créér "un carrefour de réflexion et d'échanges" pour une analyse politique de la région...surtout la partie orientale de la République démocratique du Congo. Ce site offre des commentaires sur les actualités de la région, et une sélection de publications:
--Veuillez voir:
les publications de l'Institut
- Radio Okapi (Les Nations-Unies et la Fondation Hirondelle; Kinshasa, RD Congo; Lausanne, Suisse)
Les actualités du pays et de la région, des fichiers sonores, un espace de dialogue entre congolais, etc. "Radio Okapi est née le 25 février 2002. ...Elle dispose, outre le studio principal à Kinshasa, de 8 stations régionales, d’une vingtaine d’émetteurs FM et de 3 émetteurs ondes courtes."
- Revue Centre-Africaine d'Anthropologie. (Online) -- Aix-en-Provence, France: Maison méditerranéenne des sciences de l’homme, [2005-2014]
"Cette revue publie des travaux originaux de chercheurs travaillant sur la Centrafrique ou sur l'ensemble de la sous région d’Afrique centrale."
Remarquez: l'éditeur de la revue Bruno Martinelli est mort en 2014.
- Le Hub Rural: Appui au développement rural en Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre =
The Rural Hub: Supporting rural development in Western and Central Africa (Dakar, Sénégal)
- Ce site met à la disposition du public des bases de donnés sur le développement rural--en format PDF; un annuaire des agences gouvernementales, des organismes privés, et des centres de recherche; en plus, un recueil des liens aux sites Web.
<< Le Hub rural a pour vocation d’aider les acteurs d’Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre à mettre en cohérence les programmes menés en direction du monde rural.>>
- Ressources en ligne
- SAFCO: Sida en Afrique du Centre et de l'Ouest (Fondation du Présent, Geneva, Switzerland)
Les archives d'un forum électronique: 'C'est un forum public indépendant qui bénéficie du soutien du Programme commun des Nations Unies sur le VIH/SIDA et de ses partenaires nationaux et régionaux....en collaboration avec la Fondation du Présent.'
- Saint Helena Island, British Overseas Territory -- Official Government Web Site
- Sangonet: Actualités sur l'Afrique (Victor Bisséngué, France)
Extraits des actualités de l'Agence France Presse et des autres agences -- surtout: Actualité Centrafrique, points de vue, evénements culturels, sites Internet.
- Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of African Art: "In and Out of Focus: Images from Central Africa 1885-1960", December 2, 2002 - March 16, 2003 (Washington, DC)
The website features images from the photography exhibition.
- Soft International, Le. (Online) -- Brussels; Paris ; Kinshasa: Finpress Group Afrimages, 2002-
Une archive des actualités et des commentaires. Un quotidien sur la République démocratique du Congo, sur l'Afrique centrale, et sur le reste du monde. Pour lire les articles choisis des archives, cliquer sur: << actu >>.
- Speaking with vampires: rumor and history in colonial Africa. (Online) by Luise White. Studies on the history of society and culture. -- Berkeley, CA: University of California Press Electronic Editions and The University of Californa Library, 2000.
The full text of the online version of this book. "Luise White presents and interprets vampire stories from East and Central Africa as a way of understanding the world as the storytellers did. Using gossip and rumor as historical sources in their own right, she assesses the place of such evidence, oral and written, in historical reconstruction."
- Strategic-Road.Com: Guerres en RD Congo = Wars in DR Congo (Voiron, France)
Un repertoire de liens aux ressources sur la guerre en RDC...sous les thèmatiques des actualités, des guerres et des conflits, des droits de l'homme, et des autres dossiers.
- United Nations. Centre des Nations Unies Pour les Droits de l'Homme et la Démocratie en Afrique Centrale (Yaoundé, Cameroun)
Le site offre les actualités sur les programmes du centre, quelques rapports, fact sheets, le bulletin "Rights & Democracy Focus", et des liens.
- United Nations Economic Commission for Africa: Commission Economique pour l'Afrique, Bureau sous-régional pour l'Afrique Centrale (Yaoundé, Cameroun)
- United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) on West and Central Africa At a glance. (New York)
Basic information, statistics, maps, & indicators.
- UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (Formerly UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs)
- University of Florida Libraries: René Lemarchard Collection of African Political Papers: Chad, Gabon, Burundi, Rwanda (Dan Reboussin, Gainesville, Florida)
This web site is about the Central Africa archival collection at the George Smathers Libraries, University of Florida. "The collection includes copies of official reports and other documents assessing political situations and events, newspapers from several countries, and copies of unpublished studies and reports. Countries covered include Rwanda, Burundi, Dem. Rep. of Congo (former Zaire), Chad, and to a much lesser extent Gabon and Libya."
- Jan Vansina, 1929-2017
- Cambridge University Press (New York): In Memoriam: Jan Vansina (March 2017)
Articles published in the subscription-based journal, History in Africa.
- H-Africa: "Jan Vansina: The Exit of A Generalissimo," February 15, 2017. By Prof. Toyin Falola.
(H-Net: Humanities and Social Sciences Online, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan)
- Northwestern University, Melville J. Herskovits Library: Jan Vansina Papers, 1710-2010 (Evanston, Illinois)
- University of Wisconsin-Madison: "Trailblazing African History Scholar Jan Vansina Passes Away," February 13, 2017
- World Agroforestry Centre: West and Central Africa (Yaoundé, Cameroun; Nairobi, Kenya)
Research and project news, with links to open access journal articles and reports. "...to generate science-based knowledge about the diverse roles that trees play in agricultural landscapes, and to use its research to advance policies and practices, and their implementation, that benefit the poor and the environment."
- World Policy Institute (New York)
- World Resources Institute: Congo Basin Forest Atlases (2005-)
"WRI works in the following Congo Basin countries: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon."
